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<div id="printheader"><h1 class="p_Heading1"><span class="f_Heading1">Abatement Cost Curve</span></h1>
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   <h1 class="p_Heading1"><span class="f_Heading1">Abatement Cost Curve</span></h1>

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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">An abatement cost curve compares the quantity of potential emission reductions with their costs. The vertical axis represents the opportunity cost of the emissions (in monetary units per tCO</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">e), and the horizontal axis depicts the corresponding quantity of reduction (often measured in million tCO</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">e per year).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Figure 46 illustrates the above cases. The abatement level A* (on the horizontal axis) is the quantity at which the carbon price P* (on the vertical axis) is equal to REDD+ costs. At this level of abatement, the country receives a REDD+ payment the area of the rectangle 0P*mn. To reach this level of abatement, it faces costs equal to the area under the abatement curve up to A*. The difference between these costs and the REDD+ payment are a net benefit to the country (known as a ‘rent’ or a ‘producer surplus’). Should a country reduce fewer emissions by less than this level (for example, abatement level A1), it would give up some of this potential rent (the area of the triangle tsm). Conversely, if the country chooses an abatement level higher than A* (for example, A2), it will face additional costs that are not compensated by the additional REDD+ income (area nmwv) (white et. al. 2010).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_86afb508.jpg" width="607" height="252" alt="Abatemen cost kurf" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">REDD+ rents and costs</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">This provides the answer of how much emission reduction can be achieved at a specific carbon price that is considered from the opportunity analysis above. The answer to this question enables a country to establish a reference emission level (REL) – a basis from which a country commits to reduce emissions. The REL is an important component of REDD+ preparation because If a country reduces deforestation too little, it will miss opportunities to increase it’s net REDD+ revenues or It is possible for a country to reduce deforestation ‘too much’ – that is, to reduce deforestation at a cost that is higher than the compensation it receives through REDD+.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">It is important to note, however, that agreements on payment mechanisms and associated rules have not yet been reached (Angelsen 2009). Thus, such REDD+ rents may not be structured exactly as explained above.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">How to view output abatement cost curve:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Click </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">output</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> button from main menu </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Wingdings;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> click </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">abatement cost curve</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> button or expands the tree menu on the structured menu frame (on the left side by default) click </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">+output</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Wingdings;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">abatement cost curve</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_b1add668.jpg" width="586" height="312" alt="Access Abatemen" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">View abatement cost curve output</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The chart shows an avoidable emission (vertical red‐dashed line by default) at a specific carbon price (cost threshold in horizontal red‐dashed line by default). Each bar represent one land use transition with their emission (or sequestration) in horizontal dimension, and the Opportunity Cost in vertical dimension. The bars were sorted by opportunity cost value in ascending order. The positive horizontal length of the sorted bars is the total emission from all emitted transition (and sequestration on negative horizontal axis). The chart is fully customize.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_dd6fafda.jpg" width="500" height="441" alt="Abatement cost curve em" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Abatement cost curve - emission curve</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Customizing Abatement Cost Curve in Abacus</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The chart shows the opportunity analysis in graphical curve. You can customize the displayed value element by selecting the toolbar shown below.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">The Toolbar</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><img src="clip0047.png" width="599" height="122" alt="clip0047" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Note:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">1.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Save image</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_f6f3bed8.png" width="47" height="47" alt="save image" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">This function for saving the image into commons image file format such JPG, PNG, GIF or BMP. To get the best image quality, it’s suggested to save it in BMP file format (bigger file size and pixel).</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The chart can be transferred to other application by either using the saved image or clipboard copy method. Click the toolbar icon </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">save image </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">for saving the image.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_b54c21f1.png" width="616" height="462" alt="save image" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Save image</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">2.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Copy image</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_1f0e0846.png" width="47" height="47" alt="copy image" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The chart can be copied into clipboard by clicked copy image button.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0061.png" width="508" height="56" alt="clip0061" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">User can paste it into other application with click </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">paste </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">or </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">ctrl + v </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">(in your keyboard). For example you can paste in Ms. Word, Ms. Power Point or an image editor (i.e. Photoshop, Gimp etc). </span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 2px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The chart snapshot that was saved or copied is the same size (in pixel) as showed on the monitor. </span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">3.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Zoom</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><img src="zoom.png" width="47" height="47" alt="zoom" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">To get bigger resolution of the snapshoot, you can do the zooming method by clicking zoom button. The zoom dialog will shows the option for zooming the chart size. The chart can be resized by percentage ratio or using the pixel size definition. Click ok after the modification.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_227842ec.png" width="246" height="178" alt="zoom box" style="border:none" /></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">4.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Zoom in</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_db5e3444.png" width="47" height="47" alt="zoom in" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The chart can be zoomed in directly clicking zoom in button.</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">5.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Zoom out</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_9483c574.png" width="47" height="47" alt="zoom out" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The chart can be zoomed out directly clicking zoom out button.</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">6.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Chart format</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_c6bdd0f4.png" width="47" height="47" alt="chart format" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The chart color, line style and font size can be customized by clicking chart format button.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Customize Chart Format</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">You can define the font type, size and color. If necessary that font effect can also be applied. On each there were font preview showing the changes you made automatically.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 1px;"><img src="clip0062.png" width="506" height="52" alt="clip0062" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">a. X or Y axis: font format for the axis title and numbering unit</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Click </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">chart format </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">icon </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Wingdings;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> click the X or Y axis icon on the left side of chart format screen (both Y and X axis formatting consist of two part </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">main </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">and </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">unit</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">) </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Wingdings;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> choose </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">main</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> to customize the format of axis title </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Wingdings;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> click </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">font </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">button.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 1px;"><img src="clip0063_zoom90.png" width="514" height="386" alt="clip0063" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-indent: -28px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 28px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">b. X or Y axis: line format for the axis title and numbering unit</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Click </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">chart format </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">icon </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Wingdings;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> click the X or Y axis icon on the left side of chart format screen (both Y and X axis formatting consist of two part </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">main </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">and </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">unit</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">) </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Wingdings;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> choose </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">main</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> to customize the format of axis title </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Wingdings;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> click </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">line </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">button.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><img src="clip0064_zoom90.png" width="515" height="385" alt="clip0064" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Note:</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Line format that can be modified are:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:19px;margin-left:-19px">&#8226;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Line size: the size of line in pixel.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:19px;margin-left:-19px">&#8226;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Line format: the format definition using a pattern of array value, separated by semicolon (if it’s empty than standard line format is used). The rule is as follows:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Cambria';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:19px;margin-left:-19px">·</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">One value i.e. “10”, means a dashed line with 10 pixel length for both line and space segment. &nbsp; </span><img src="clip0065.png" width="311" height="8" alt="clip0065" style="border:none" /></p><p style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Cambria';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:19px;margin-left:-19px">·</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Two value i.e. “10;5”, means a dashed line with 10 pixel length of line segment and 5 pixel length of space segment.</span><img src="clip0066.png" width="314" height="8" alt="clip0066" style="border:none" /></p><p style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Cambria';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:19px;margin-left:-19px">·</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">More than two value i.e. “10;5;2;5”, means a dashed line with two order of line-space segment with length each 10 and 5 pixel, followed by 2 and 5 pixel dash segment.</span><br />
<img src="clip0067.png" width="308" height="6" alt="clip0067" style="border:none" /></p><p style="text-align: left; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:19px;margin-left:-19px">&#8226;</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Line color: the size of line in pixel.</span></p><p style="text-indent: -19px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><span style="color: #000000;">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Model Type Color Setting (Swatches, HSB, RGB)</span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -38px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 38px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">Swatches</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">A swatch is just a little sample of something. A color swatch would be a sampling of colors. This could be for paint, wallpaper, fabric, carpet, etc. The purpose of the swatches is so that one can see the colors in its intended environment. Such as a living room, office, game room, whatever.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0096_zoom80.png" width="357" height="326" alt="clip0096" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Swatches model</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -38px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 38px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">HSB</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">HSB stands for Hue, Saturation, and Brightness. According to this model, any color is represented by 3 numbers. The first is the hue, and its value ranges from 0 to 360 degrees. Each degree represent a distinct color. For example: red at 0 or 360 degrees, yellow at 120 degrees, green at 180 degrees and blue at 240 degrees, up to the violet color.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The second is the saturation. It represents the amount of color or more exactly its percentage. Its value ranges from 0 to 100%, where 0 represents no color, while 100 represents the full color.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The third is the brightness. You can enhance the color brightness adding the white color, or you can reduce it adding the black color. In this case 0 represents the white color and 100 represents the black color. The more this value tends to 0, the brighter the color is. The more this value tends to 100 the darker the color is.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="embim2.png" width="358" height="325" style="margin:1px; border:none" alt="" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">HSB model</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -38px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 38px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">RGB</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">According to the RGB model, each shade of each of the 3 colors (Red, Green, and Blue) is represented by a number rangging from 0 to 255. For example, the black color is represented by the “0 0 0”, RGB value (Red=0. Green=0, Blue=0) while the white color is represented by the “255 255 255”, RGB value (Red=255, Green=255, Blue=255). So the RGB model can represent more than 16 milions of colors. RGB is an additive model, because red, green and blue are additive colors. In other words when red, green and blue are combined, they create white. red + green + blue = white.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="embim3.png" width="352" height="310" style="margin:1px; border:none" alt="" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">RGB model</span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -28px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 28px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">c. Bar Color</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">For the bar color settting it’s defined as a legend pattern of shape color setting. The color will represent a zonation legend color on the chart. You can define as much as possible the color legend, click “</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">+</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">” (plus) sign to add and “</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">-</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">” (minus) sign to remove the color. The default color pattern is available as selectable dropdown menu under the legend color.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0071_zoom88.png" width="425" height="320" alt="clip0071" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">Customize bar color</span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -28px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 4px 0px 0px 28px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">d. Label</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 4px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The curve bar of the chart represents one land use transition. The dimension is emission (width) and opportunity cost (height). The interesting transition can be recognized easily on the chart, either the highest emitter or the biggest dimension in conjuction with the opportunity cost. The emphasize the interisting bar, a label can be added to the chart for each of the bar. To add label for the bar, highlight the selected bar and right click. &nbsp;Click the pop-up menu “add label” as shown on the figure below.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0072_zoom85.png" width="513" height="185" alt="clip0072" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Adding and removing the bar label</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Customizing label in chart format - customize font.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0073_zoom85.png" width="488" height="366" alt="clip0073" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Customize font label</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Customizing label in chart format - customize shape.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0074_zoom90.png" width="483" height="366" alt="clip0074" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Customize shape color label</span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -24px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 28px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">e. Legend</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Legend in chart format used to customize font style.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><img src="clip0075_zoom81.png" width="436" height="326" alt="clip0075" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Customize legend</span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -24px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">f. Threshold</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Click the threshold icon on the left side of chart format screen. Threshold line consists of </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">cost line (horizontal) </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">and </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">emission line (vertical). </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Both have two formatting options (</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">font</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">line</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">) that are similar to the options available in axis &nbsp;(X and Y) format screen.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0076_zoom88.png" width="433" height="325" alt="clip0076" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Customize threshold</span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -24px; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">g. Background</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The background color only.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0077_zoom88.png" width="435" height="327" alt="clip0077" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Customize background color</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">7.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Display setting</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_2c60f391.png" width="47" height="47" alt="display setting" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The display setting dialog shows the option for:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"><img src="hmfile_hash_2076d997.png" width="304" height="327" alt="display setting box" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px 0px 0px 33px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:33px;margin-left:-33px">&#8226;</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">Whether you only one to display the eligible elements only (eligible transition and zones).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px 0px 0px 33px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:33px;margin-left:-33px">&#8226;</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">Cost benefit valuation options to display on the chart.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px 0px 0px 33px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:33px;margin-left:-33px">&#8226;</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">The X axis unit can be selected either average emission unit (ton CO</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">-eq/ha.year</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">) or total emission unit per-year (ton CO</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">-eq/year). You can also customize the unit range.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px 0px 0px 33px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:33px;margin-left:-33px">&#8226;</span><span class="f_ImageCaption" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">The Y axis unit can be selected either on logaritmic scale (by default) or normal scale. You can also customize the unit range.</span></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">8.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Check box emission and sequestration</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:167px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_84edde10.png" width="167" height="35" alt="check box emission n sequestration" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:405px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">You can customize the displayed value element by selecting the toolbar. Emission &nbsp;(positive x axis) and sequestration (negative x axis).</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">9.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Positive cost and negative cost</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:166px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_3d2c8d3f.png" width="47" height="47" alt="positif cost" style="border:none" /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri; font-weight: bold;">  </span><img src="hmfile_hash_fd05d00e.png" width="47" height="47" alt="negatif cost" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:411px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Positive cost to display positive NPV (positive Y) and negative cost to display negative NPV (negative Y axis).</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">10.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Show threshold line</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 13px 0px;"><img src="hmfile_hash_f79f456f.png" width="47" height="47" alt="threshold line" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The threshold line display can be toggle by selecting this toolbar icon. Threshold value (and it’s line) can be modified by right clicking the horizontal line and click &nbsp;“set threshold” on pop-up menu, or you can directly dragging the horizontal line (OpCost threshold) up and down.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 8px 0px;"><img src="hmfile_hash_dc6a6d2c.png" width="252" height="100" alt="set threshold" style="border:none" /><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: calibri;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;  </span><img src="hmfile_hash_9ea6853b.png" width="198" height="104" alt="set value threshold" style="border:none" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0079_zoom71.png" width="372" height="279" alt="clip0079" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px 0px 0px 38px; margin: 8px 0px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-size:16px; font-family: 'calibri';color:#000000;display:inline-block;width:38px;margin-left:-38px">11.</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">Chart legend</span></p><div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table style="margin:0 auto; width:604px; border:none; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
<td style="vertical-align:middle; width:54px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="hmfile_hash_f94d5e5a.png" width="47" height="47" alt="chart legend" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; width:522px; height:57px; padding:4px; border:solid 1px #000000;"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: calibri;">The legend box display can be toggle by selecting this toolbar.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.15;"><img src="clip0080_zoom72.png" width="375" height="281" alt="clip0080" style="border:none" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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